Evidence-Based Studies and Perspectives of the Use of Brazilian Green and Red Propolis in Dentistry.

This review analyzes the evidence and perspectives of dental use of the green and red propolis produced in Brazil by Apis mellifera L. Multiple applications of propolis were found considering its antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, and healing properties. Its therapeutic effects are mainly due to the presence of alcohols, aldehydes, aliphatic acids, aliphatic esters, amino acids, aromatic acids, aromatic esters, flavonoids, hydrocarbyl esters, ethers, fatty acids, ketones, terpenes, steroids, and sugars. Propolis has been mainly used in dentistry in the composition of dentifrices and mouthwashes. Studies have also demonstrated promising use against dentin hypersensitivity, root canal treatment, Candida albicans, and other microorganisms. Overall review of the literature presented here demonstrated that both Brazilian green and red propolis are effective for the problems of multiple etiologies that affect the oral cavity in different dental specialties.

Alveolar bone loss induced by alcohol consumption in rats / Perda ossea alveolar induzida por consumo de álcool em ratos

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of regular and constant longterm alcohol consumption on the percentage of the remaining periodontal bone support (PBS) and periodontal bone loss (PBL) in adult rats. Material and Methods: Fifty-four (54) rats were divided into 3 groups: Control (daily water intake, n=18) daily alcohol intake (20% ethanol, n=18) and social alcohol intake (20% ethanol 2x a week, n=18). The rats were treated with free-choice access to both ethanol consumption frequencies. They were euthanized after 90 days and their left mandibles were radiographed for PBS measuring. The same left mandibles were defleshed and stained. The PBL was morphometrically assessed by measuring the distance between cement-enamel junction and alveolar bone crest. Results: Did not show difference (p > 0.05) in the amount of consumed alcohol between the social and daily intake groups. Rats also evidenced lower PBS percentage and higher PBL (p<0.05) in both alcohol consumption groups in comparison to the control. Conclusion: The long-term constant and regular same amount alcohol consumption may cause alveolar bone loss and reduce the remaining periodontal bone support in adult rats. Thus, the alveolar bone loss was associated with the amount of consumed alcohol, rather than with periodicity in periodontitis-free rats (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo regular e constante de álcool em longo prazo na porcentagem do suporte ósseo periodontal remanescente (SOP) e perda óssea periodontal (PO) em ratos adultos. Material e Métodos: Cinquenta e quatro (54) ratos foram divididos em 3 grupos: Controle (ingestão diária de água, n = 18), consumo diário de álcool (20% etanol, n = 18) e consumo social de álcool (20% etanol 2x por semana, n = 18). Os ratos foram tratados com acesso de livre escolha a ambas as frequências de consumo de etanol. Eles foram sacrificados após 90 dias e suas mandíbulas esquerdas foram radiografadas para medição do SOP. As mesmas mandíbulas esquerdas foram dissecadas e coradas. A PO foi avaliada morfometricamente medindo a distância entre a junção cimento-esmalte e a crista óssea alveolar. Resultados: Não houve diferença (p> 0,05) na quantidade de álcool consumido entre os grupos de ingestão diária e social. Os ratos também evidenciaram menor porcentagem de SOP e maior PO (p<0,05) em ambos os grupos de consumo de álcool em comparação com o controle. Conclusão: A mesma quantidade consumida constante e regular de álcool em longo prazo pode causar perda óssea alveolar e reduzir o suporte ósseo periodontal remanescente em ratos adultos. Assim, a perda óssea alveolar foi associada com a quantidade de álcool consumido, ao invés da periodicidade em ratos sem periodontite. (AU)

Periodontal inflammation induced by chronic ethanol consumption in ovariectomized rats / Inflamação periodontal induzida pelo consumo crônico do etanol em ratas ovariectomizadas

O sistema imunológico tem um importante papel na patogênese da doença periodontal, sendo capaz de modular a resposta inflamatória, determinando variações na susceptibilidade individual e velocidade da progressão da doença periodontal. Entre os fatores sistêmicos adquiridos, a osteoporose e o alcoolismo são descritos como indicadores de risco para a perda óssea associada a doença periodontal. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência do consumo crônico de etanol na periodontite induzida em ratas com deficiência estrogênica. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizadas sessenta ratas, com aproximadamente noventa dias, divididas em dois grupos, ovariectomizado (OVZ) ou simulação cirúrgica de ovariectomia (SHAM). Cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos: grupo controle (C);grupo etanol a 20% como dieta líquida (A) e grupo dieta controle pareada (I). Após trinta dias da castração, as dietas e a periodontite induzida foram mantidas por 56 dias.A região interproximal entre o primeiro e o segundo molar inferior esquerdo e a região contralateral, sem indução da doença periodontal, foram avaliadas quanto as características inflamatórias. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que, considerando SHAM-C and OVZ-C, a deficiência hormonal resultou em alterações inflamatórias importantes. Considerando os grupos SHAM e OVZ na ausência de periodontite, a dieta com etanol resultou em alterações inflamatórias em ambos os grupos e também maior severidade quando combinado com a ovariectomia. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a associação da deficiência estrogênica e etanol 20% somente foi relevante para sítios sem indução da doença periodontal, induzindo maior severidade do processo inflamatório, com presença de células inflamatórias dispersas no tecido conjuntivo e desorientação das fibras do ligamento periodontal

The immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.The host may modulate periodontal inflammatory reactions and it determines variances in the individual susceptibility and in the periodontal disease progression speed. Osteoporosis and alcoholism are described as risk indicators of periodontal disease among the systemic acquired factors. Objective: The current study aims to analyze chronic alcohol consumption influence on induced periodontitis in rats presenting estrogen deficiency. Material and Methods: Sixty rats approximately 90 days old were used in the experiment; they were divided into two groups: correlated surgery (OVZ) or surgical ovariectomy simulation (SHAM). Each group was divided intothree subgroups: (C) control diet, (A) ethanol containing 20% liquid diet and (I) par-fed control diet. Thirty days after castration the diet and the experimental periodontitis induction were kept for 56 days. Interproximal regions between the first and the second lower left molar and the respective contralateral site without periodontal disease induction were assessed for inflammatory features. Results: Hormone deficiency resulted in important inflammatory changes concerning the meaning ofSHAM-C and OVZ-C. The ethanol diet has resulted in inflammatory changes to both groupsSHAM-A and OVZ-A in the absence of periodontitis, with also greater severity when combined with ovariectomy. Conclusion: It was concluded that the association between estrogen deficiency and 20% ethanol was just relevant for sites without periodontitis disease induction, since it induces stronger severity in the inflammatory process in the presence of the inflammatory cells scattered in the conjunctive tissue and of the disorientation of periodontal ligament fibers.

Effects of alcohol intake in periodontitis progression in female rats: a histometric study

AIM: To evaluate histometrically the effect of low and high caloric value of ethanol on ligature-induced bone loss in female rats. METHODS: Sixty female rats were divided into five groups of 12 animals each: Normal Control (water), Test A (low ethanol), Control A (low iso), Test B (high ethanol) and Control B (high iso). Control Groups A and B received diets with the same amount of calories consumed by Test Groups A and B, respectively, with ethanol replaced by isocaloric amounts of carbohydrate. Four weeks prior to the end of the experimental period, half of the rats in each group were randomly assigned to receive a ligature on mandibular molar, whereas the other half of group was left unligated. At 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and the specimens were processed to obtain decalcified sections. The area of periodontal ligament and/or bone loss in the furcation region of the first molars was histometrically measured in five sections per specimen (mm²). RESULTS: Ethanol intake did not have effect on the alveolar bone loss in unligated teeth (p>0.05). However, in ligature-induced periodontitis, high value of calories associated with ethanol feeding enhanced the area of bone loss (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that a low-ethanol diet did not affect the periodontium, while a high-ethanol diet may aggravate the progression of periodontitis, as demonstrated by the increased furcation region bone destruction in periodontal disease...

Avaliação dos hábitos de higiene bucal de pacientes em hemodiálise do hospital regional do Vale do Paraíba / Evaluation of bucal hygiene habits of patients in hemodialise of Regional Hospital of Vale do Paraiba

Pacientes em hemodiálise demonstram deficiência na higiene bucal, causando maior ocorrência de doença periodontal. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os hábitos de higiene bucal de pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) em hemodiálise no Hospital Regional do Vale do Paraíba. Foram usados questionários a respeito dos hábitos de higiene oral de 96 pacientes. Após aplicar os critérios de exclusão foram incluídos 41 indivíduos na pesquisa, destes 14 (34%) eram do gênero feminino e 27 (66%) do masculino. Estes pacientes apresentavam média de idade de 55 anos e média do tempo de hemodiálise de 25 meses. A maioria dos pacientes utilizava dentifrício (n = 39; 96%), apenas 13 (32%) realizava bochecho com enxaguatório bucal e a maioria não fazia uso do fio dental (n = 30; 74%). Apenas 24% dos pacientes realizavam retorno semestral ao dentista, 17% retornavam anualmente, 34% a cada dois anos ou mais e 25% não tinham o hábito de retornar ao dentista. A escova dental mais utilizada foi a macia (37%) seguida com proximidade da média (32%). A maior parte relatou escovar os dentes três vezes ao dia (47%), seguido de duas vezes diárias (29%). Conclusões: nestes pacientes com IRC em hemodiálise, observou-se deficiência nos hábitos de higiene bucal. A motivação e orientação dos cuidados odontológicos devem ser enfatizadas pelo dentista a fim de melhorar a saúde bucal e consequentemente a saúde sistêmica.

Hemodialysis patients show deficiency in oral hygiene, what causes a higher incidence of periodontal disease. Objective of present study was evaluate the oral hygiene habits of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) in hemodialysis at Regional Hospital of Paraiba Valley. Questionnaires about the oral hygiene habits of 96 patients were used. After applying the exclusion criteria 41 subjects were included in the study, 14 were females (34%) and 27 were male (66%). These patients had a mean age of 55 years and mean duration of hemodialysis of 25 months. Most patients use toothpaste (n = 39, 96%), only 13 (32%) performed rinse with mouthwash and most did not flossing (n = 30, 74%). Only 24% of patients did return to the dentist every six months, returning 17% annually, 34% every two years or more and 25% were not in the habit of visiting the dentist. A soft toothbrush is the most widely used (37%) followed proximity with the average (32%). Most reported brush their teeth three times a day (47%), followed by twice daily (29%). Conclusions: In patients with CRF on hemodialysis, observed deficiency in oral hygiene habits. The motivation and guidance of dental care should be emphasized by the dentist, in order to improve oral health and consequent systemic health.

Correlação entre as medidas lineares em radiografias panorâmicas e tomografias computadorizadas cone beam associadas ao seio maxilar / Correlation between linear measurements of panoramic radiographs and cone beam computed tomography images of the maxillary sinus

Objetivo: Correlacionar medidas lineares entre radiografias panorâmicas digitais (DPan) e tomografias computadorizadas cone beam (TCcb) na região do seio maxilar. Método: Foram selecionados exames aos pares de 71 sítios, 37 do lado direito e 34 do lado esquerdo, das radiografias panorâmicas digitais e suas correspondentes tomografias computadorizadas cone beam. As radiografias panorâmicas foram obtidas por meio do aparelhoOrthopantomograph® e foram analisadas por meio do software Image Tool v.3.0. As tomografias computadorizadas cone beam foram obtidas pelo tomógrafo i-CAT e analisadas pelo software Dental Slice. As mensurações foram realizadas por medidas lineares da distância da cortical inferior do seio maxilar até a cúspide incisal mais pronunciada do molar. Resultados: A comparação entre medidas apresentou concordância moderada e os valores foram estatisticamente (p<0,05) maiores nas medições da radiografia panorâmica digital compensada, com ampliação de 1,75 a 2,15 mm (8 a 9%), do que as medidas na tomografia computadorizada cone beam. Conclusão: Conclui-se que há necessidade de adicionar margem de segurança de 2,5 mm (10,5%) na região do seio maxilar, após a compensação da magnificação da imagem, quando for utilizada a radiografia panorâmica para planejamento cirúrgico para implantes dentários...

Objective: To correlate linear measurements between digital panoramic radiographs (DPan) and cone beam computed tomography images (CBCT) of the maxillary sinus area. Method: Seventy-one paired site exams were selected, 37 from the right side and 34 from the left side, on digital panoramic radiographs and their corresponding CBCT images. The panoramic radiographs were obtained by the Orthopantomograph®evice and analyzed by the Image Tool v.3.0 software. The CBCT images were obtained by the i-CAT tomograph and analyzed by the Dental Slice software. Linear measurements of the distance between the lower cortical of the maxillary sinus to the sharpest molar cusp. Results: Comparison of the measurements revealed a moderate agreement and the values were significantly higher in the measurements on the compensated digital panoramic radiographs (p<0.05) with 1.75 to 2.15 mm (8 to 9%) magnification, compared with the CBCT images.Conclusion: It may be concluded that when panoramic radiographs are used in the surgical planning for dental implants, a safety margin of 2.5 mm (10.5%) should be added in the maxillary sinus area after compensating for image magnification...

Avaliação das recessões gengivais em adultos periodontalmente saudáveis / Evaluation of gingival recession in periodontally healthy adults

As recessões gengivais são comumente observadas em adultos e caracterizadas pela migração apical da margem gengival com concomitante exposição da superfície radicular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência, localização, extensão e severidade das recessões gengivais em adultos periodontalmente saudáveis. As recessões gengivais foram avaliadas em 104 indivíduos com mais de 18 anos, estudantes da Faculdade de Pindamonhangaba. A avaliação clínica foi realizada em todos os dentes nas quatro superfícies (mesial, vestibular, distal e lingual). Recessão gengival foi considerada presente quando mais de 1mm de raiz estivesse exposta, sendo medida verticalmente em milímetros da junção cemento-esmalte a margem gengival. A presença de recessão gengival encontrada em pelo menos uma superfície dentária foi observada em 44 (42%) dos indivíduos. A face dental de maior prevalência foi a vestibular (90,60%) e o grupo de dentes mais afetado foi o dos molares superiores (31,62%) seguidos dos pré-molares superiores (21,37%). As recessões de menor severidade (1 e 2 mm) com classificação classe I de Miller foram as de maior frequência (81,19%). Conclui-se que houve moderada prevalência de recessão gengival na população estudada, com leve severidade e extensão

Gingival recession are commonly observed in adult, and characterized by apical migration of the gingival margin with concomitant exposure of the root surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, location, extent and severity of gingival recession in periodontally healthy adults. The gingival recession was assessed in 104 adult individuals aged more than 18 years, students of Pindamonhamgaba School. Clinical evaluation was conducted in all teeth and involved analysis of four dental aspects (mesial, buccal, distal and lingual). The gingival recession was regarded as present whenever more than 1mm of root surface was exposed, and its vertical width was measured in millimeters from the cementoenamel junction to the gingival margin. Gingival recession was observed in at least one dental surface in about 44 (42%) of the individuals analyzed. The higher prevalence of dental face was the vestibular (90.60%) and the group most affected teeth were maxillary molars (31.62%) followed by the maxillary premolars (21.37%). The recessions less severity (1 and 2mm) with Class I recessions were the most frequent (81,19). It was concluded that there was moderate prevalence of gingival recession in the population studied, with low severity and extent

Relação entre características mucogengivais e ocorrência de recessão gengival / Relationship between mucogingival characteristics and occurrence of gingival recession

O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar as características mucogengivais com a presença de recessão gengival em acadêmicos do curso de Odontologia da Faculdade de Pindamonhangaba. Foram examinados 50 estudantes, com faixa etária variando de 21 a 47 anos. Os exames clínicos mucogengivais indicaram maior ocorrência de periodonto plano e espesso (54%) na amostra e no gênero feminino, no masculino predominou o biótipo fino e festonado. Observou-se maior ocorrência de espessura gengival sem transparência (58%) na amostra e no gênero feminino, no masculino predominou gengiva com transparência. O periodonto do tipo I predominou na amostra e também no gênero feminino; no masculino houve maior presença do tipo III e IV. A presença de no mínimo uma recessão gengival por indivíduo foi observada em 46% dos alunos, 14 indivíduos do gênero feminino e 9 do masculino. As recessões gengivais foram localizadas preferencialmente nos pré-molares e nas mulheres. A análise entre o biótipo periodontal e a presença de recessão, através do coeficiente de correlação (r), mostrou que 43,64% dos sítios de recessão podem ter sido influenciados por esse fator na amostra. Considerando por gênero essa correlação foi observada com significância apenas nas mulheres. A relação entre espessura gengival com transparência e a presença de recessão não foi observada nem na amostra nem nos gêneros. Concluiu-se que as características mucogengivais da população estudada apresentaram reduzida correlação com a presença de recessão gengival. As recessões predominaram no gênero feminino devido à correlação com o biótipo periodontal.

The aim of this study was to correlate mucogingival characteristics with the presence of gingival recession in dental students of the College of Pindamonhangaba. Fifty students between the ages of 21 to 47 were evaluated. Clinical tests indicated a higher frequency of thick and plane periodontium (54%) in the sample and in women, men predominantly showed a thin scalloped biotype. There was a higher occurrence of gingival thickness without transparency (58%) in the samples and in women, and with transparency in men . Type I periodontium was predominant in samples and women, and males showed more commonly types III and IV. The presence of at least one gingival recession was observed in 46% of students, 14 subjects were female and 9 male. Gingival recession was usually located in premolars and in women. A correlation coefficient analysis of periodontal biotype and presence of recession showed that 43,64% of recession sites may have been influenced by this factor in the sample.. Considering this correlation by gender, it was significant only in women. The relationship between transparency and the presence of the recession was not observed neither the in sample nor in genders. It was concluded that the mucogingival characteristics of the studied population was not significantly correlated with the presence of gingival recession.. Recessions were common in women due to its correlation with periodontal biotype.

Influence of different durations of estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss in rats.

The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of different durations of ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss associated with ligature-induced bone loss in rats. Sixty female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to ovariectomy (OVX test group) or sham operation (SHAM control group). The OVX and SHAM groups were each distributed into three subgroups of ten rats each according to the duration of estrogen deficiency (30, 60 and 90 postoperative days). In all groups, for the last 30 days of the experimental period, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the right upper second molar; the contralateral tooth was left unligated to serve as a control. The maxillary bones were removed, and the alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at the buccal site of the right upper second molar. A comparison between the ligated and unligated groups verified the presence of ligature-induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the unligated groups (p > 0.05). A significant increase in bone loss was observed when ligation occurred 90 days after ovariectomy compared with the sham group (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that long-term estrogen deficiency affects ligature-induced alveolar bone loss.

Influence of different durations of estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss in rats

The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of different durations of ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency on alveolar bone loss associated with ligature-induced bone loss in rats. Sixty female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to ovariectomy (OVX test group) or sham operation (SHAM control group). The OVX and SHAM groups were each distributed into three subgroups of ten rats each according to the duration of estrogen deficiency (30, 60 and 90 postoperative days). In all groups, for the last 30 days of the experimental period, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the right upper second molar; the contralateral tooth was left unligated to serve as a control. The maxillary bones were removed, and the alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at the buccal site of the right upper second molar. A comparison between the ligated and unligated groups verified the presence of ligature-induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the unligated groups (p > 0.05). A significant increase in bone loss was observed when ligation occurred 90 days after ovariectomy compared with the sham group (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that long-term estrogen deficiency affects ligature-induced alveolar bone loss.

Associação entre ingestão de álcool e periodontite experimental em ratas fêmeas / Association between alcohol intake and experimental periodontitis in female rats

O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas vem sendo associado à ocorrência e gravidade da doença periodontal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de álcool sobre o suporte ósseo periodontal remanescente (SOP) em periodontite induzida por ligaduras em ratas. Métodos: Sessenta ratas fêmeas foram divididas em cinco grupos de 12 animais. Controle normal (água), Teste A (baixa dose de etanol), Controle A (baixa dose isocalórica), Teste B (alta dose de etanol) e Controle B (alta dose isocalórica). Os grupos Controle A e B receberam dietas com a mesma quantidade de calorias consumidas por Teste A e B respectivamente, com o etanol substituído por carboidrato. Após 4 semanas do início do experimento, ligaduras de algodão foram posicionadas no primeiro molar inferior direito em seis ratas por grupo. As outras seis ratas por grupo permaneceram sem ligadura. Totalizando oito semanas experimentais, as ratas foram sacrificadas e as mandíbulas radiografadas para medição do SOP. Resultados: A análise entre os grupos com e sem ligadura demonstrou que a presença da ligadura foi capaz de induzir perda óssea (p<0,05). Os grupos sem ligadura não demonstraram diferença significativa no SOP (p>0,05) entre eles. Contudo, nos grupos com ligadura, as ratas que receberam altas doses de etanol apresentaram percentual de SOP estatisticamente inferior aos outros grupos (p<0,05). Conclusão: O presente estudo demonstrou que o elevado consumo de álcool pode agravar a progressão da perda óssea alveolar resultante de periodontite induzida por ligadura em ratas fêmeas.

The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been associated with the occurrence and severity of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol consumption on remaining periodontal bone support (PBS) in periodontitis induced by ligation in female rats. Methods: Sixty female rats were divided into five groups of 12 animals each: Normal Control (water),Test A (low dose of ethanol), Control A (low isocaloric dose), Test B (high dose of ethanol) and Control B (high isocaloric dose). Control Groups A and B received diets with the same amount of calories consumed by Test Groups A and B, respectively, with ethanol replaced by carbohydrate. Four weeks after the beginning of the experiment, cotton ligatures were placed on the lower right first molar in six rats per group. The other six rats per group remained unligated. After 8 experimental weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their jaws x-rayed to measure the PBS. Results: The analysis between groups with and without ligation showed that the presence of ligation was able to induce bone loss (p <0.05). The unligated groups showed no significant difference in the PBS (p> 0.05) between them. However, in the groups with the ligation, rats given high doses of ethanol had statistically lower percentage of PBS than the other groups (p <0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that high consumption of alcohol may aggravate the progression of alveolar bone loss resulting from ligation-induced periodontitis in female rats.

Efeito da deficiência estrogênica no suporte ósseo periodontal em periodontite experimental em ratas / The effect of estrogen deficiency on periodontal bone support in experimental periodontitis in rats

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de diferentes tempos de deficiência estrogênica no suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP) em periodontite induzida experimentalmente em ratas. Foram utilizados 80 animais, divididos randomicamente em dois grupos: ovariectomizado (OVZ) e cirurgia simulada (SHAM). Os grupos foram subdivididos (n=10 cada) de acordo com o período de deficiência ou suficiência estrogênica (30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). Nos últimos 30 dias do experimento todos os grupos foram submetidos à indução de periodontite com fio de algodão ao redor do primeiro molar inferior direito. Finalizado o período experimental, as ratas foram submetidas a eutanázia e as mandíbulas foram removidas para análise radiográfica do SOP. Os resultados indicaram influência da deficiência estrogênica na redução do percentual de SOP, tanto na presença quanto na ausência de ligadura, exceto no período de 30 dias sem indução de periodontite. Na presença de ligadura, verificou-se menor percentual de SOP (p<0,05) no período de 90 dias após ovariectomia, em relação aos demais grupos. Concluiu-se que a deficiência estrogênica de 30 a 120 dias pode agravar a perda óssea alveolar em periodontite experimental, sendo esta perda superior no período de 90 dias.

This study assesed how estrogen deficiency affected periodontal bone support (PBS) in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis in different periods of time (30, 60, 90 and 120 days). Eighty female rats were used in the reasearch, randomly divided into two groups: ovariectomized (OVZ) and surgery sham (SHAM). The groups were then subdivided (n = 10) according to the period of estrogen deficiency or estrogen sufficiency. In the last 30 days of the experiment, all groups were subjected to periodontitis induction by the insertion of a cotton thread around the lower right first molar. After the experimental period, all rats were euthanized and had their jaws removed for radiographic analysis of PBS. Results indicated that estrogen deficiency influenced the reduction in the percentage of PBS, both with and without ligature, except in the 30 days prior to periodontitis induction. In rats with ligature, the percentage of PBS was lower (p <0.05) in the 90 day period after ovariectomy, when compared to the other groups. Authors concluded that 30 to 120 day estrogen deficiency may worsen alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis and that this loss is higher in the 90 day period.

Avaliação da posição do forame mentual em relação aos dentes e base da mandíbula na radiografia panorâmica convencional / Evaluation of the position of mental foramen in relation to the teeth and mandibule base in the conventional panoramic radiograph

Este trabalho objetivou analisar a localização do forame mentual em radiografias panorâmicas. Foram utilizadas 100 radiografias panorâmicas do banco de radiografias da Faculdade de Odontologia de Pindamonhangaba (FAPI) de pacientes acima de 18 anos. As radiografias foram avaliadas de acordo com a posição do forame mentual em relação aos dentes inferiores e sua distância em relação à base da mandíbula. Os resultados demonstraram que o forame mentual foi localizado na maioria dos casos entre os pré-molares inferiores (54%), seguido da posição abaixo do segundo pré-molar (37%). As distâncias da base da mandíbula ao forame mentual apresentaram simetria bilateral e no gênero masculino essas distâncias foram superiores as do gênero feminino

The aim of the present study was to analyze the location of the mental foramen in panoramics radiographs. A hundred panoramic radiographs were utilized of the Radiography Bankof the Faculdade de Odontologia de Pindamonhangaba (FAPI) all of them from patients above 18 years old. The radiographs were analyzed according to the mental foramen position in relation to lower teeth and its distance in relation to the mandible base. The results showed that the mental foramenwas located in the most cases between the premolars (54%), and below the second premolar (37%). The distances from the base of the mandible to the mental foramen showed bilateral symmetry and these distances in males were higher than those of females.

Avaliação da perda óssea periodontal em ratos por meio dos métodos radiográfico e morfométrico / Evaluation of periodontal bone loss in rats for radiographic and morphometric methods

O presente estudo se propôs a avaliar morfometricamete (região da ligadura ou hemiarco) e radiograficamente (suporte ósseo periodontal) a perda óssea na periodontite experimental em ratos. Ligaduras de algodão foram posicionadas em torno do segundo molar maxilar e primeiro molar mandibular direitos em 14 ratas fêmeas (Wistar). Os molares contralaterais serviram como controle intragrupo. Após quatro semanas os ratos foram sacrificados e suas mandíbulas e maxilas foram removidas. Os espécimes foram radiografados e posteriormente dissecados, corados e fotografados. As alterações do suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP) foram avaliadas nas radiografias do 1° molar mandibular, 1° e 2° molares maxilares. Nas imagens a reabsorção óssea foi avaliada pelas alterações das medidas da distância da junção esmalte-cemento até a crista óssea alveolar nas raízes do dente, considerando hemiarco ou apenas a região da ligadura, por face livre. Verificou-se que não ocorreram diferenças estatísticas entre as alterações de SOP nos diferentes dentes. A reabsorção óssea foi significativamente maior na vestibular da maxila considerando tanto a região da ligadura em relação ao hemiarco quanto em relação às demais localizações (palatina da maxila e lingual da mandíbula). Conclui-se que o SOP expressa o percentual de alteração óssea independente do dente avaliado e que a análise morfométrica deve ser na região envolvida com a ligadura e não no hemiarco, sendo a vestibular da maxila a região onde se verificou a maior perda óssea em periodontite induzida em ratos

The present study aimed to morphometrically (region of ligature or hemiarco) and radiographically (periodontal bone support) the bone loss in experimental periodontitis in rats. Ligatures of cotton were positioned around the right second upper molar and around the first mandibular molar rights in 14 female Wistar rats. The contralateral molars served as intragroup controls. After four weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their mandible and maxilla were removed. The specimens were radiographiced and after dissected and stained with methylene blue dye. The periodontal bone support (PBS) was assessment in radiograph of 1° mandibular molar, 1° and 2° maxillary molars. The bone loss was evaluated by the distance from the cemento enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest inthe roots of teeth associating with ligature and by hemiarco for free side. The different tooth showed no significant differences among the alteration of the percentages of PBS. The results indicated that the maxilla by buccal presented greater bone loss on region of roots associated with the ligature than hemiarco and than among others localizations (palatal of maxilla and lingual of mandible). The present study concluded that the alteration of PDS was independent of teeth evaluated and the morphometric methodology may be used on ligature regions and that the maxilla for buccal side showed more elevated bone loss in periodontitis in rats.

Evaluation of two morphometric methods of bone loss percentages caused by periodontitis in rats in different locations.

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated morphometrically bone loss percentages in experimental periodontitis in rats, comparing different locations (lingual mandible, palatal maxilla and buccal maxilla) and two evaluation methods (distance and area methods). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ligatures were placed around the maxillary right second molar and around the mandibular right first molar in 14 female Wistar rats. The contralateral molars served as intragroup controls. After 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their mandible and maxilla were removed. The specimens were dissected and stained with methylene blue dye. Bone loss was evaluated by two different methods on the surfaces of the defleshed jaw. In the first method, the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest was measured in the roots of teeth associated with ligature. In the second method, the area of bone loss was determined using the alveolar tissue bone, CEJ and the proximal region of roots associated with the ligature as reference. The data were converted to bone loss percentages caused by ligature: (ligated - unligated) x 100/ligated. RESULTS: When comparing the distance and area methods, no statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05). Both methodologies indicated that the maxilla presented greater bone loss than the mandible and it was more accentuated on the buccal side than on the palatal side (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show that both the area and the distance methods can be used to evaluate bone loss caused by ligature placement in rats, and suggest applying the morphometric methodology to the maxilla on the buccal side.

Evaluation of two morphometric methods of bone loss percentages caused by periodontitis in rats in different locations

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated morphometrically bone loss percentages in experimental periodontitis in rats, comparing different locations (lingual mandible, palatal maxilla and buccal maxilla) and two evaluation methods (distance and area methods). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ligatures were placed around the maxillary right second molar and around the mandibular right first molar in 14 female Wistar rats. The contralateral molars served as intragroup controls. After 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their mandible and maxilla were removed. The specimens were dissected and stained with methylene blue dye. Bone loss was evaluated by two different methods on the surfaces of the defleshed jaw. In the first method, the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest was measured in the roots of teeth associated with ligature. In the second method, the area of bone loss was determined using the alveolar tissue bone, CEJ and the proximal region of roots associated with the ligature as reference. The data were converted to bone loss percentages caused by ligature: (ligated - unligated) x 100/ligated. RESULTS: When comparing the distance and area methods, no statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05). Both methodologies indicated that the maxilla presented greater bone loss than the mandible and it was more accentuated on the buccal side than on the palatal side (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show that both the area and the distance methods can be used to evaluate bone loss caused by ligature placement in rats, and suggest applying the morphometric methodology to the maxilla on the buccal side.

The influence of low dose of doxycycline on induced periodontitis associated with occlusal overload / A influência de baixas doses de doxicilina sobre a periodontite induzida associada à sobre carga oclusal

A degradação dos tecidos de suporte periodontal é o principal evento biológico da doença periodontal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do uso sistêmico de baixas doses de doxiciclina (BDD) sobre o suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP) e a perda de inserção (PI) na periodontite induzida associada à sobrecarga oclusal em ratas. Neste estudo foram utilizadas 25 ratas Wistar pesando 250g, divididas em 5 grupos (n=5): GC (controle), GL (ligadura);GO (sobrecarga oclusal); GLO (ligadura e sobrecarga oclusal); GLOD (ligadura sobrecarga oclusal e doxiciclina). A periodontite foi induzida pela inserção de uma ligadura ao redor do 1º molar inferior (1MI) permanecendo por 28 dias. Para que o 1MI ficasse em sobrecarga oclusal, as superfícies oclusais do 2º e 3º molares superiores foram desgastadas. Os animais do grupo GLOD receberam 0,14 mg de doxiciclina por via oral diariamente por todo o período experimental. Os animais foram sacrificados e as hemimandíbulas direitas foram analisadas por meio de radiografias digitais quanto ao SOP (%) e as hemi-mandíbulas direitas foram processadas para a análise histopatológica da PI (mm). Os valores médios foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA/Tukey) ao nível de 5%. Os resultados para SOP em GC (55.49±4.86) e GO (60.03±3.37) foram iguais entre si e diferentes de GL(46.73±4.80), GLO (51.69±2.84) e GLOD (57.76±4.50)(p=0.001). Considerando a PI, GC (0.11±0.07) and GO(0.12±0.10mm) foram semelhantes entre si e diferentes de GL (0.41±0.09), GLO (0.58±0.12) e GLOD (0.54±0.12)(p=0.0001). Em conclusão, o uso de BDD pareceu não modular a redução de SOP ou PI em ratas com periodontite induzida e sobrecarga oclusal.

Periodontium support degradation is the main biologica levent in periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of systemic use of a low-dose of doxycycline (LDD) on periodontal bone support (PBS) and attachment loss (AL) in induced periodontitis associated with occlusal overload in rats. This study used 25 female Wistar rats weighing 250g, divided into 5 groups (n=5): CG(control group), LG (ligature group); OG (occlusal overload); LOG (ligature and occlusal overload); LOGD (ligature, occlusal overload and doxycycline). Periodontitis was induced by inserting a ligature around the first mandibular molar (1MDM) for 28 days. In order to obtain occlusal overload at the 1MDM, the occlusal surfaces of the second and third maxillary molars (2MXM and 3MXM) were flattened. 0.14mg of doxycycline was orally administered every day to the LOGD group rats during the experimental period. The rats were sacrificed and the righthemi-mandibles were analyzed by digital radiograph of the PBS(%), whereas the left hemi-mandible was processed for histopathological analysis of AL(mm). The mean values were treated using ANOVA and the Tukey test at 5% level. Results for PBS in the CG (55.49±4.86%) and OG (60.03±3.37%) groups were similar to each other and statistically different from the LG (46.73±4.80%), LOG (51.69±2.84%) and LOGD (57.76±4.50%) groups (p=0.001). For AL, CG(0.11±0.07mm) and OG (0.12±0.10mm) were similar to eachother and statistically different from LG (0.41±0.09mm), LOG 0.58±0.12mm) and LOGD (0.54±0.12mm) (p=0.0001). In conclusion, the use of LDD appears not to modulate PBS orAL reduction in rats with periodontitis associated with occlusal overload

Low caloric value of ethanol itself increases alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in male rats.

This study aimed at morphometrically evaluating the influence of variable caloric values of ethanol consumption on alveolar bone loss in periodontitis in male rats. Thirty-six male rats were randomized into four groups of nine rats each, as follows: Test group A (low) - rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet (ethanol representing 22% of total caloric value); Control group A -rats were fed a pair-fed control diet (ethanol replaced by isocaloric amounts of carbohydrate); Test group B (high) -rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet (ethanol representing 36% of total caloric value); Control group B -rats were fed a pair-fed control diet for Test B. Following anesthesia, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the right upper second molar. At eight weeks, the maxillary bones were removed and alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at buccal and palatal sites of the upper second molar. The unligated groups showed no significant differences between the bone loss values observed for the low and high caloric values of ethanol (p > 0.05). In the ligated groups, the rats receiving low caloric values of ethanol showed significantly greater bone loss compared to the isocaloric rats (p < 0.05); however, the rats receiving high caloric values of ethanol showed no significant differences compared to the controls. Analysis of the results demonstrated that, in male rats, ethanol itself affected ligature-induced bone loss when representing a low value in the total caloric value.

Low caloric value of ethanol itself increases alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in male rats

This study aimed at morphometrically evaluating the influence of variable caloric values of ethanol consumption on alveolar bone loss in periodontitis in male rats. Thirty-six male rats were randomized into four groups of nine rats each, as follows: Test group A (low) - rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet (ethanol representing 22 percent of total caloric value); Control group A -rats were fed a pair-fed control diet (ethanol replaced by isocaloric amounts of carbohydrate); Test group B (high) -rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet (ethanol representing 36 percent of total caloric value); Control group B -rats were fed a pair-fed control diet for Test B. Following anesthesia, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the right upper second molar. At eight weeks, the maxillary bones were removed and alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at buccal and palatal sites of the upper second molar. The unligated groups showed no significant differences between the bone loss values observed for the low and high caloric values of ethanol (p > 0.05). In the ligated groups, the rats receiving low caloric values of ethanol showed significantly greater bone loss compared to the isocaloric rats (p < 0.05); however, the rats receiving high caloric values of ethanol showed no significant differences compared to the controls. Analysis of the results demonstrated that, in male rats, ethanol itself affected ligature-induced bone loss when representing a low value in the total caloric value.

Influence of alcohol consumption on alveolar bone level associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.

Alcohol consumption is a risk indicator for periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of alcohol consumption on alveolar bone level associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Thirty-six female rats (Wistar, 120 days-old) were randomly divided into three groups that received a daily administration of a water diet (control, n = 12), a 10% alcohol diet (10% ethanol, n = 12) or a 20% alcohol diet (20% ethanol, n = 12). Four weeks after the onset of the experiment, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the upper right second molar in six rats. The other 6 rats in each group remained unligated. The rats were sacrificed four weeks after ligature placement. The maxillary bones were removed and alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at 2 buccal and 2 palatal sites on the upper right second molar. Analyses between the ligated and unligated groups showed that the presence of ligature induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). Unligated groups showed no significant differences between each other (p > 0.05). In the ligated groups, rats receiving 20% ethanol showed significantly greater bone loss compared to control rats or rats receiving 10% ethanol. These results demonstrate that alcohol consumption may increase alveolar bone loss in female rats in a dose-dependent manner.